Divided to five this is my idea if the talks faild.

SPLM advance the initiative for a comprehensive solution and maintain the unity of Sudan and building a new nine everyone.
Before negotiating with the Bashir regime Security Council Resolution No. 2046 - Yasser Arman:
03-28-2013 04:33 AM
London: Ammar Awad

Listen UN Security Council in its day 27 March to report by Thabo Mbeki Hoy decisions of its African high-level of the situation between Sudanese and a focus on the contents of the resolution 2046 regarding Sudan and a delegation of the SPLM in the State of Sudan pre-empted the Security Council session shortly before the session and made a statement English contains a new initiative entirely, formed a surprise to all Alemrafban ratio because it addressed all the issues teased debate in Sudan and to verify the seriousness of this statement we had telephoned Prime negotiation delegation of the People's Movement of the Republic of Sudan Yasser Saeed Arman to highlight and verify the contents of this initiative said via Mobile phone: our statement today contained a new initiative for a comprehensive solution to the crisis Sudanese submitted SPLM National Congress and the political forces, civil society and organizations of women and youth independent private and that in the past two weeks, try National Congress anticipate next round of negotiations with the delegation a number of statements the most important statement by the Minister of Defense and permit First Deputy and the essence of those remarks included two things the first thing that the negotiations would be on the issues of the two regions and the second command that negotiation will be according to reference the 2005 peace and said (we had consultations in the movement's leadership and we know that National Congress refused to implement the decisions of the peace agreement by the ăÇíÎŐ regions Regarding democratization and preferred to go to war instead and three weeks after the outbreak of the war reached him into a framework agreement on June 28, 2011 and signed by the leader Malik Agar, Dr. Nafie Ali Nafie) and he said he has incitement against him wanting to war and (now we Ananaj to remind Congress National that next round of negotiations is called for it on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 2046 and the Security Council resolution is talking about dialogue between the two Parties, the SPLM and the Government of Sudan) And he added: that the resolution provides first to solve the humanitarian issue as stated in the fourth paragraph and secondly be negotiated on the basis of Framework Agreement signed on 28 June 2011 between the owner and wholesome.

SINNAR SULTANATE OF FUNJ .

The Funj sultanate of Sinnar, also Sennar, was a sultanate in the north of Sudan, named Funj after the ethnic group of its dynasty or Sinnar (or Sennar) after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821.

A king of Sennar, 1821

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History

In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar.

The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821.

Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over highlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal.

The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves, also carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but highly effective against their less organized rivals.

Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa.

There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy.

Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice.

In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state.

These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in 1821 the nominally still Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956.

Rulers of Sennar

·         Amara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940)

·         Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957)

·         Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)

·         Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568

·         Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)

·         Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996)

·         Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591

·         Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012)

·         Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606

·         Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020)

·         Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)

·         Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5

·         Badi II 1644/5-1681

·         Unsa II 1681-1692

·         Badi III 1692-1716

·         Unsa III 1719-1720

·         Nul 1720-1724

·         Badi IV 1724-1762

·         Nasir 1762-1769

·         Isma'il 1768-1769

·         Adlan II 1776-1789

·         Awkal 1787-1788

·         Tayyib II 1788-1790

·         Badi V 1790

·         Nawwar 1790-1791

·         Badi VI 1791-1798

·         Ranfi 1798-1804

·         Agban 1804-1805

·         Badi VII 1805-1821

Hamaj regents

·         Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6

·         Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780

·         Rajab 1780-1786/7

·         Nasir 1786/7-1788

References

·         R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the Sudan

Sinar to Kurmuk it the Blue Nile Province of FUNG THE CAPITAL WAS SOBA.

Gezira Scheme

Irrigation canals of Gezira Scheme from space, 1997.

The Gezira Scheme (Arabic: مشروع الجزيرة‎) is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world. It is centered on the Sudanese state of Al Jazirah, just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers at the city of Khartoum. The Gezira Scheme was begun by the British and distributes water from the Blue Nile through canals and ditches to tenant farms lying between the Blue and White Nile rivers.

The Gezira (which means "island") is particularly suited to irrigation because the soil slopes away from the Blue Nile and water therefore naturally runs through the irrigation canals by gravity.^[1] The soil has a high clay content which keeps down losses from seepage. The first plan was to grow wheat but this was abandoned when it was discovered that Egyptian-type long staple cotton could be grown. Cotton was first grown in the area in 1904 and, after many experiments with irrigation, 9 square miles (24 km²) was put under cultivation in 1914.^[1] After the lowest Nile flood for 200 years, the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile to provide a reservoir of water. This dam was completed in 1925 and is about 2 miles (3.2 km) long. The Gezira Scheme was initially financed by the Sudan Plantations Syndicate in London and later the British government guaranteed capital to develop it. The Gezira Board took over from private enterprise in 1950.^[1]

Farmers cooperate with the Sudanese government and the Gezira Board. This network of canals and ditches is 2,700 miles (4,300 km) long, and with the completion in the early 1960s of the Manaqil Extension on the western side of the Gezira Scheme, the irrigated area now covers 3,400 square miles (8,800 km²), about half the country's total land under irrigation.^[2] The main crop grown in this region is still cotton.