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Sudanese president urges UNAMID to leave Darfur

November 30, 2014 (KHARTOUM) – Sudanese president Omer al-Bashir said the African union United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) has become a security burden and called on the peacekeepers to leave the country.

 “We want a clear plan for the exit of UNAMID from Darfur,” Bashir said in a press conference held on Sunday, adding: “We have instructed the foreign ministry to work with the United Nations to end the presence of UNAMID in Darfur.”

Relations between the hybrid operation in Darfur and the Sudanese government after reports accusing the Sudanese army of mass rape in North Darfur earlier in November.

The Sudanese authorities denied the allegations of sexual abuse and accused the mission of echoing unverified media reports before to investigate it. Khartoum also summoned the acting head of the mission following a report saying that the heavy presence of military and police made a conclusive investigation difficult.

Sudanese president stressed that “UNAMID has become a security burden on the Sudanese army more than a supportive to its forces in the protection of civilians, and unable to protect themselves”.

“UNAMID has failed to protect civilians and instead become protector to the rebels,” he said.

The joint peacekeeping mission recently confirmed receipt of a note verbal from the government of Sudan referring to the need for an exit strategy.

In August the UN Security Council in its resolution 2173 extended the mission’s mandate for 10 more months and suggested it consider forming advance plans for its eventual departure from Darfur.

Bashir accused foreign circles saying they are behind the alleged rape of 200 women in Darfur adding they intend to disturb the stability in the region as the army “managed to defeat the rebel movements which now have limited presence in some pockets”.

“They want to escalate the issue to confuse the improvement of the (security) situation in Darfur and the increasing development projects there,” he said.

(ST)

BLUE NILE AND THE FUNJ.

Storia del FUG storia Nel XV secolo la parte della Nubia precedentemente controllata da Makuria era sede di una serie di piccoli Stati e soggetti a frequenti incursioni dai nomadi del deserto. La situazione in Alodia è meno noto, ma sembra anche come se quello stato era crollato. L'area è stata riunificata sotto Abdallah Jamma, il raccoglitore, che è venuto dalle regioni orientali che erano cresciuti ricco e potente dal commercio sul Mar Rosso. L'impero di Abdallah è stato di breve durata, come nei primi anni del XVI secolo il popolo Fung sotto Amara Dunkas arrivati da sud, essendo stato guidato nord dalla Shilluk. Il Funj sconfitto Abdallah e creare il proprio regno in base a Sennar. Il Fung aveva inizialmente praticato un mix religioso di animismo e cristianesimo. L'Islam ha avuto una notevole influenza, e nel 1523 la monarchia Sennar convertito ufficialmente che la religione, anche se molti elementi delle credenze precedenti continuato. Sennar si espanse rapidamente a scapito degli Stati vicini. Il suo potere è stato esteso il Gezira, il Butana, il Bayuda, e del sud Kordofan. Ciò ha causato tensioni con i vicini immediati. Etiopia sentiva molto minacciata ma i suoi problemi interni impedito l'intervento. Recentemente Ottomano Egitto ha visto anche il nuovo stato come una minaccia e invaso in vigore, ma poi non è riuscito a conquistare la zona, in modo che le forze ottomane fortificato al confine e consolidato la loro presa sul nord Nubia. Questo confine terrebbe fino al 1821. I rapporti con l'Etiopia sono state più tese come due stati gareggiato su pianura tra i due Stati. Alla fine gli etiopi trasferirono la loro capitale nella vicina Gondar e fissato la loro influenza su tali aree. Conflitti con il Shilluk a sud hanno continuato, ma poi i due sono stati costretti a una difficile alleanza per combattere la crescente potenza dei Dinka. Sotto Sultan Badi II, Sennar sconfitto il Regno del Regno di Taqali a ovest e ha fatto il suo sovrano (stile Woster o Makk) il suo vassallo. Gli eserciti di Sennar affidamento più sulla cavalleria pesante: cavalieri tratte dalla nobiltà, armati di lunghe spade come le staffe punta che hanno usato non consentire l'uso di lance. Questi piloti hanno blindate con cotta di maglia, mentre i cavalli erano coperte di trapunte di spessore e copricapo di rame. Una maggiore massa di truppe erano fanti che erano composte da schiavi, anche portando spade e blindati. Questo esercito permanente in piedi era presidiata in castelli e fortezze in tutto il sultanato. La dipendenza da un esercito permanente ha fatto sì che gli eserciti messe in campo da Sennar erano di solito piuttosto piccola, ma altamente efficace contro i loro rivali meno organizzati. Sennar è stato fortemente diviso lungo linee geografiche e razziali / etnici. La società era divisa in sei gruppi razziali. Il blu, il verde, il giallo, il rosso, il verde mista con il giallo, e gli schiavi che sono stati portati da più a sud. La capitale, prospera attraverso il commercio, ha ospitato i rappresentanti provenienti da tutto il Medio Oriente e l'Africa. C'era una netta divisione tra quelli che erano gli eredi dell'antico regno di Alodia e il resto del Sennar. I Alodians adottato il manto degli sconfitti Abdallah Jamma e venne ad essere conosciuto come il Abdallab. Alla fine del XVI secolo, si alzarono in rivolta sotto Ajib il Grande. Ajib indirizzato Re di Sennar, prima che li rende suoi vassalli e poi cogliendo quasi tutto il regno nel 1606. Il Sennar monarchia raggruppate sotto Adlan I, sconfiggendo Ajib in un paio di battaglie decisive. Alla fine un compromesso è stato raggiunto per cui Ajib ei suoi successori avrebbero governato la provincia di Sennar Dongola con una grande autonomia. Sennar era al suo apice alla fine del XVI secolo, ma nel corso del XVII ha cominciato a diminuire il potere della monarchia è stata erosa. La ricchezza e il potere dei sultani avevano a lungo appoggiato sul controllo dell'economia. Tutte le roulotte erano controllati dal monarca, come era la fornitura d'oro che ha funzionato come valuta principale dello Stato. Nel tempo è stato eroso questo potere. Le valute estere si è diffuso da mercanti rompere il potere del monarca per controllare da vicino l'economia. Il commercio fiorente ha creato una classe benestante di mercanti istruiti e colti, che hanno letto ampiamente sull'Islam e che sono diventate molto preoccupato per la mancanza di ortodossia nel regno. La monarchia di Sennar era stato a lungo considerato come semi-divino, in linea con le tradizioni antiche, ma questa idea corse fortemente in contrasto con l'Islam. Molti festival e rituali persistito anche da giorni precedenti, e un loro numero coinvolto il consumo massiccio di alcol. Queste tradizioni sono stati abbandonati. La sfida più grande per l'autorità del re era il ulema mercante finanziato che ha insistito che era giustamente il loro dovere di far giustizia. Nel 1762 Badi IV fu rovesciato da un colpo di stato lanciato da Abu Likayik del rosso Hamaj da nord-est del paese. Abu Likayik installato un altro membro della famiglia reale come il suo sultano burattino e governò come reggente. Questo ha cominciato lungo conflitto tra il Fung sultani tentativo di riaffermare la loro indipendenza e autorità e reggenti Hamaj che tentano di mantenere il controllo del vero potere dello stato. Queste divisioni interne notevolmente indebolito lo stato e alla fine del 1700 Mek Adlan II, figlio di Mek Taifara, presero il potere in un periodo turbolento in cui una presenza turca veniva istituito nel regno Fung. Il sovrano turco, Al-Tahir Agha, sposato Khadeeja, figlia di Mek Adlan II. Ciò ha aperto la strada per l'assimilazione del Fung nell'Impero Ottomano. Nel 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali il generale e figlio del Khedive nominalmente ottomano d'Egitto, Muhammad Ali, guidò un esercito in Sennar; ha incontrato alcuna resistenza da parte l'ultimo re, il cui regno è stato prontamente assorbito Ottomano Egitto. La regione è stato successivamente assorbito nel Sudan anglo-egiziano e la Repubblica indipendente del Sudan per l'indipendenza del paese nel 1956. Righelli di Sennar Amara Dunqas 1503-1533 / 4 (AH 940) Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940) -1550/1 (AH 957) Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957) -1557/8 (AH 965) Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965) -1568 Dakin 1568-1585 / 6 (AH 994) Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994) -1587/8 (AH 996) Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996) -1591 Unsa I 1591-1603 / 4 (AH 1012) Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012) -1606 Adlan I 1606-1611 / 2 (AH 1020) Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020) -1616/7 (AH 1025) Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025) -1644/5 Badi II 1644 / 5-1681 Unsa II 1681-1692 Badi III 1692-1716 Unsa III 1719-1720 nul 1720-1724 Badi IV 1724-1762 Nasir 1762-1769 Isma'il 1768-1769 Adlan II 1776-1789 Awkal 1787-1788 Tayyib II 1788-1790 Badi V 1790 Nàwwar 1790-1791 Badi VI 1791-1798 Ranfi 1798-1804 Agban 1804-1805 Badi VII 1805-1821 reggenti Hamaj Abu Likayik - 1769-1775 / 6 Badi walad Rajab - 1775 / 6-1780 Rajab 1780-1786 / 7 Nasir 1786 / 7-1788 Riferimenti R.S. O'Fahey e J.L Spaulding Regni del Sudan Annulla modifiche Il tuo contributo sarà utilizzato per migliorare la qualità della traduzione e può essere mostrato agli utenti in modo anonimoContribuisciChiudiGrazie per l'invio.Definizioni di Storia del FUG History In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over lowlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal. The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves, also carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but highly effective against their less organized rivals. Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa. There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 1700s Mek Adlan II, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, Al-Tahir Agha, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali the general and son of the nominally Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. Rulers of SennarAmara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940) Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957) Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568 Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996) Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012) Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020) Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5 Badi II 1644/5-1681Unsa II 1681-1692Badi III 1692-1716Unsa III 1719-1720 Nul 1720-1724Badi IV 1724-1762Nasir 1762-1769Isma'il 1768-1769Adlan II 1776-1789 Awkal 1787-1788Tayyib II 1788-1790Badi V 1790Nawwar 1790-1791Badi VI 1791-1798 Ranfi 1798-1804Agban 1804-1805Badi VII 1805-1821Hamaj regents Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780Rajab 1780-1786/7 Nasir 1786/7-1788References R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the SudanSinonimi di Storia del FUG History In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over lowlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal. The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves, also carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but highly effective against their less organized rivals. Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa. There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 1700s Mek Adlan II, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, Al-Tahir Agha, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali the general and son of the nominally Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. Rulers of SennarAmara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940) Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957) Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568 Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996) Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012) Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020) Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5 Badi II 1644/5-1681Unsa II 1681-1692Badi III 1692-1716Unsa III 1719-1720 Nul 1720-1724Badi IV 1724-1762Nasir 1762-1769Isma'il 1768-1769Adlan II 1776-1789 Awkal 1787-1788Tayyib II 1788-1790Badi V 1790Nawwar 1790-1791Badi VI 1791-1798 Ranfi 1798-1804Agban 1804-1805Badi VII 1805-1821Hamaj regents Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780Rajab 1780-1786/7 Nasir 1786/7-1788References R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the SudanEsempi per Storia del FUG History In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over lowlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal. The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves, also carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but highly effective against their less organized rivals. Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa. There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 1700s Mek Adlan II, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, Al-Tahir Agha, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali the general and son of the nominally Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. Rulers of SennarAmara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940) Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957) Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568 Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996) Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012) Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020) Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5 Badi II 1644/5-1681Unsa II 1681-1692Badi III 1692-1716Unsa III 1719-1720 Nul 1720-1724Badi IV 1724-1762Nasir 1762-1769Isma'il 1768-1769Adlan II 1776-1789 Awkal 1787-1788Tayyib II 1788-1790Badi V 1790Nawwar 1790-1791Badi VI 1791-1798 Ranfi 1798-1804Agban 1804-1805Badi VII 1805-1821Hamaj regents Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780Rajab 1780-1786/7 Nasir 1786/7-1788References R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the SudanVedi anche Traduzioni di Storia del FUG History In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over lowlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal. The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves, also carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but highly effective against their less organized rivals. Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa. There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 1700s Mek Adlan II, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, Al-Tahir Agha, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali the general and son of the nominally Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. Rulers of SennarAmara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940) Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957) Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568 Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996) Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012) Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020) Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5 Badi II 1644/5-1681Unsa II 1681-1692Badi III 1692-1716Unsa III 1719-1720 Nul 1720-1724Badi IV 1724-1762Nasir 1762-1769Isma'il 1768-1769Adlan II 1776-1789 Awkal 1787-1788Tayyib II 1788-1790Badi V 1790Nawwar 1790-1791Badi VI 1791-1798 Ranfi 1798-1804Agban 1804-1805Badi VII 1805-1821Hamaj regents Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780Rajab 1780-1786/7 Nasir 1786/7-1788ReferencesR.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the Sudan

They killed rapped and did criminal actions.

Sudan says UNAMID personnel have history of sexual abuse

November 25, 2014 (KHARTOUM) – The Sudanese government said that it has documented cases of sexual abuse of Darfuri women committed by members of the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) that the latter has not taken any action to stop.

The Sudanese Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Abdullah al-Azrag said today that Khartoum’s decision to have the UNAMID depart was subject of careful review and was discussed with the United Nations previously stressing that it was not in retaliation to rape allegations in the village of Tabit.

On November 22nd, the hybrid mission said it received a verbal request from the Sudanese government to put in place a gradual exit strategy from Darfur.

Social media has extensively circulated testimonies of victims from Tabit, a village 45km south-west of North Darfur capital El-Fasher, claiming that 200 women, including minors, were raped by soldiers from the Sudanese army (SAF).

On November 9th, a UNAMID verification team investigated the rape allegations in Tabit and said it found no evidence proving the rape claims.

Sudan has refused to allow the mission access to Tabit to conduct another investigation despite repeated calls from the UN chief and the UNSC.

Al-Azrag said in a roundtable with newspaper editors on Tuesday that foreign minister Ali Karti discussed a UNAMID exit strategy with the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon three years ago and in several occasions most recently in the UN General Assembly meetings.

The UN Security Council adopted resolution 2173 on August 27 which extended the UNAMID mandate for ten months and called on the mission to draft recommendations for the future mandate, composition, configuration and exit strategy of UNAMID by 28 February 2015, at which time the Council would make the necessary mandate changes “fully and promptly”.

Al-Azrag recalled a memorandum by the ministry demanding UNAMID develop an exit strategy and speeches by Sudan’s UN ambassador when discussing the renewal of the UNAMID mandate all of which occurred before rape allegations in the village of Tabit surfaced.

He said that UNAMID departure is enshrined in the in the Status of Force Agreement (SOFA) and that demanding its departure is a result of significant improvement in security situation particularly over the last year which necessitated emphasizing the development of an exit strategy in light of the reluctance and lack of enthusiasm on the part of UNAMID, which raised suspicions and stirred tensions.

In response to criticisms by the UNAMD investigation team that Sudanese soldiers were present during their Tabit probe, al-Azrag said they have a document where the mission requests that the armed forces protect their camp.

He said that the Darfur special prosecutor found no evidence of the rape claims adding that they are aware of attempts by certain organizations to recruit women to make false testimonies and a video conference call arranged by a neighboring state with women from Tabit.

The Sudanese official added that they spotted sexual violations committed by UNAMID soldiers against Darfuri girls and women over the years in which the mission camps have become a haven for the perpetrators of crimes but could not prosecuted by authorities due to diplomatic immunity enjoyed by them.

Al-Azrag said that UNAMID never held anyone accountable nor expelled those implicated in these acts noting that they raised that issue through diplomatic channels and not over the media.

He argued that UNAMID is keen to stay in the region and does not adhere to SOFA and its personnel are living a luxury life on a $1.3 billion budget much of it was not spent on infrastructure and development in Darfur.

“The improved security conditions and the talks in Addis Ababa with the [Darfur] rebel movements are worrying some circles that do not want stability to Darfur because their interest [lies] in the continuation of the current situation to settle scores with the government," al-Azrag said.

(ST)

Bombs ... against NUBA.

المعارضة السودانية تطالب المجتمع الدولي بفرض حظر للطيران فوق مناطق الحرب

أصبح ضرورة ملحة أكثر من أي وقت مضى

06-21-2014 02:14 AM

لندن: مصطفى سري
طالبت المعارضة السودانية المسلحة والسلمية بفرض حظر الطيران على مناطق الحرب في جنوب كردفان، النيل الأزرق، ودارفور، لحماية المدنيين في تلك المناطق، وشددت المعارضة على ضرورة تسريح وتجريد ميليشيا قوات الدعم السريع التابعة لجهاز الأمن والمخابرات من سلاحها، ودعت قوى معارضة في لندن إلى مظاهرة اليوم أمام مقر رئيس الوزراء البريطاني للتنديد بما وصفته بـ«جرائم النظام الحاكم»، بمناسبة مرور 25 عاما على وصوله للسلطة عبر الانقلاب العسكري بقيادة عمر البشير، في وقت أعلن فيه والي جنوب كردفان أن القوات الحكومية تمكنت من تحرير 53 موقعا في الأجزاء الشرقية من ولايته، خلال العمليات التي أطلقت عليها الخرطوم «الصيف الحاسم»، لإنهاء حركات التمرد.

وقال المتحدث باسم الحركة الشعبية في السودان ارنو لادو لـ«الشرق الأوسط» إن الشعب السوداني ظل يكرر مطالبته للمجتمع الدولي بضرورة فرض حظر الطيران في مناطق الحرب بجنوب كردفان، النيل الأزرق، ودارفور، وأضاف: «على المجتمع الدولي أن يترك سلبيته باتخاذ خطوات جادة وعملية بفرض حظر الطيران الذي يستهدف المدنيين والمؤسسات المدنية ودور العبادة»، وقال إن المجتمع الدولي بصمته أعطى الفرصة للنظام الحاكم في السودان لمواصلة حرب الإبادة الجماعية، مثلما حدث في دارفور قبل عشر سنوات، والآن تتكرر في جنوب كردفان والنيل الأزرق، وتابع: «نظام البشير يسعى لإخلاء هذه المناطق من المواطنين حتى يحدث تغييرا سكانيا بإبعاد السكان الأصليين، وشهدنا ذلك في دارفور بإحلال مواطنين استقدموا من الخارج والداخل مكان آخرين»، وقال إن الطيران الحكومي يستهدف المدنيين الأبرياء من الأطفال والنساء والشيوخ والمؤسسات المدنية من مستشفيات ومدارس ومنازل.

من جانبه، قال المتحدث باسم حركة العدل والمساواة جبريل آدم بلال لـ«الشرق الأوسط» إن فرض حظر الطيران في مناطق الحرب أصبح ضرورة ملحة أكثر من أي وقت مضى، وأضاف أن الحكومة السودانية ما زالت تواصل الجرائم ضد الإنسانية وجرائم الإبادة في دارفور، النيل الأزرق وجنوب كردفان باستهداف المدنيين، وقال: «إضافة للقصف الجوي، فإن نظام البشير يستخدم ميليشيا قوات الدعم السريع التي ترتكب الجرائم دون أي محاسبة، ومن ينتقدها يودع في السجن، كما هو حادث لرئيس حزب المؤتمر السوداني إبراهيم الشيخ»، منتقدا موقف المجتمع الدولي لما يحدث في بلاده، ووصفه بـ«الفاشل»، وتابع: «أمام المجتمع الدولي فرصة لتصحيح أخطاء صمته بأن يفرض حظرا للطيران على مناطق الحرب اليوم قبل الغد والإسراع في القبض على مجرمي الحرب، وعلى رأسهم الرئيس عمر البشير».

من جهته، طالب القيادي في الحزب الشيوعي السوداني الدكتور الشفيع خضر سعيد بفرض حظر الطيران في مناطق الحرب لحماية المدنيين ووقف الهجمات الجوية التي يشنها الطيران الحكومي، وقال: «المأساة الإنسانية في تلك المناطق لا يمكن تجاهلها»، وعد الوضع في السودان قاتما وفيه توتر كبير، وقال إن «هناك محاولة لتوسيع رقعة الحرب لتشمل مناطق أوسع»، واصفا جلب الحكومة لقوات الدعم السريع تحت ذريعة حماية العاصمة الخرطوم بعدم المسؤولية، وأن ذلك سيدخل البلاد إلى نفق أكثر ظلاما، وتابع: «الحكومة تحاول الاستمرار في السلطة، حتى إذا دعا الأمر أن تجلس فوق جماجم الشعب السوداني».

إلى ذلك، قال والي ولاية جنوب كردفان آدم الفكي، إن القوات المسلحة السودانية تمكنت، منذ انطلاق عمليات «الصيف الحاسم»، من تحرير 53 موقعا بالأجزاء الشرقية من ولايته، كانت تسيطر عليها قوات الحركة الشعبية، قطاع الشمال، وأضاف أن «عام 2014 شهد تحسنا في أوضاع المواطنين الأمنية، بفضل الانتصارات التي حققتها القوات المسلحة والقوات النظامية الأخرى، خاصة في المنطقة الشرقية»، مؤكدا أن الأيام المقبلة ستشهد مزيدا من السيطرة الحكومية على المنطقة الشرقية، مشيرا إلى اتساع الدائرة الأمنية حول مدينة كادوقلي عاصمة الولاية، وأن ذلك سيعزز من استقرار المواطنين ويساعد في تنفيذ مشاريع التنمية التي قال إنها توقفت بسبب الظروف الأمنية، داعيا حملة السلاح إلى تعليب خيار السلام.

غير أن المتحدث باسم الحركة الشعبية ارنو لادو وصف تصريحات الوالي بأنها لا تحمل أي جديد، وقال: «كيف يفرح الوالي بأنه حرر عددا من المناطق لم يكن يعترف بها أصلا من قبل؟»، وأضاف أن الوالي ظل يكرر هذه التصريحات الجوفاء، ولكن الواقع أمر آخر، والمشكلة ليست في المناطق التي تسيطر عليها حكومته، وإنما المدنيون الذين يستهدفهم الطيران الحكومي كل يوم، وتابع: «الحكومة صرفت مبالغ كبيرة وجيوشا ضخمة لحملتها العسكرية التي أطلقت عليها الصيف الحاسم، ولكن الحملة لم تنجح فيما عدا استهدافها للمدنيين»، وقال: «تصريحات الوالي صحيحة في شيء واحد؛ أن حكومته نجحت في استهداف المدنيين، في قتلهم وتشريدهم وتدمير المؤسسات المدنية».

الشرق الاوسط

The Dr. Aock is brave man.

Senior SPLM official resigns, accuses South Sudan president of “failure”

June 3, 2014 (JUBA) – A senior official in the South Sudan’s ruling party, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), has resigned from the party, accusing South Sudan’s president, Salva Kiir, of "failure" and a "lack of vision" in governing the country.

Peter Adwok Nyaba, who was a member of the highest legislative organ of the party, the National Liberation Council (NLC), declared his resignation in a 1 June letter seen by Sudan Tribune, addressed to the party’s chairman Kiir.

Nyaba said the ruling party had abandoned the ideology that propelled it to popularity both in the country and abroad and resorted to conspiracies against able colleagues soon after the demise of its former founder, John Garang de Mabior, who established the movement in May 1983.

The senior party politician, who is currently confined to Juba and denied movement abroad, said president Kiir’s sustained negative attitude over the years has subsequently resulted to the current crisis the country is embroiled.

“Mr Chairman, you will recall that between August 2005 and October 2007, backbiting, double-crossing, double-talking and outright conspiracies against specific comrades in the leadership characterized the SPLM internal condition. This culminated in the attempts during the SPLM 2nd National Convention 2008 to remove Dr. Riek Machar Teny-Dhurgon and Pagan Amum Okiech from their positions as SPLM first deputy Chairman and SPLM Secretary General respectively", partly reads Adwok’s letter.

"The reasons for that attempt to remove the two leaders from the SPLM hierarchy were not sufficiently explained,” adds the long letter.

He further went on to accuse the party chairman of reducing the democratic reforms in the party into a struggle for power in which he sought military confrontation.

“It is inconceivable that you reduced to a struggle for power the disputes over democratic reforms in the SPLM. Political and ideological differences in a political party are inevitable. However, they are resolved not through military confrontation but through democratic dialogue and debates aimed at uniting the ranks and file,” he stressed.

Nyaba further accused the president of violating the constitution by mobilising, recruiting and training a private army hailing from Warrap and Northern Bahr el Ghazal states and massacred thousands of civilians from Machar’s ethnic Nuer community in Juba.

“This was blatant violation of the constitution. You cannot possess a private army besides the SPLA of which you are Commander in Chief,” he said.

He said the ruling party and the government should come out clearly and acknowledge the crime in which innocent civilians were massacred by the regime because of an alleged coup attempt.

“The SPLM leadership and the Government of South Sudan have not to date acknowledged the massacre of ethnic Nuers in Juba. The SPLM government has not told the people of South Sudan the truth about what transpired on December 15, 2013 apart from the coup attempt attributed to Dr. Riek Machar,” he added, further stressing that “The people of South Sudan want to know the linkage between the coup attempt, which occurred in Tiger Battalion, and the massacring of the ethnic Nuers in the residential suburbs of Juba.”

He further pointed out that among the issues that propelled his resignation was “South Sudan’s current context of ubiquitous ethicized conflicts, insecurity in the rural and urban domains driven by land grabbing with impunity, corruption, disappearances and assassination of political dissidents, stagnation and lack of development, and now the civil strife.”

PREVENTED FROM LEAVING JUBA

Nyaba, who was briefly detained in December last year for an alleged coup attempt “with no evidence“ said the national security service has since refused to return his passports to enable him travel for specialised medical attention.

“They told [me] clearly that I have to remain in Juba to ‘feel the heat’, whatever it means,” he revealed.

He accused the government of exhibiting its inhumane attitude when they could not let him even to travel and visit his wife who was in critical condition in a Kenyan hospital.

“I am denied my passport and therefore could not be by the side of my wife, when she underwent a five hours operation in Nairobi Hospital,” he lamented.

He said because of the situation the country is in due to the lack of responsible leadership in Juba, he had to resign.

“Given these facts, and in view of the fact that the SPLM under your leadership is prosecuting a civil war, I do not want, by virtue of being a member of the SPLM, to be privy to the some of the horrendous crimes being committed against the people of South Sudan," wrote the ex-minister for higher education.

“I, also, do not want to be privy to the transformation of the SPLM into a totalitarian machine, and an oppressive regime that is destroying South Sudan. I am therefore in all dignity and honour submitting my resignation from the SPLM as of June 1st, 2014,” he concluded.

Nyaba, a university professor who holds a PhD in Geology, was seriously wounded on his leg when he led a battle to capture Jekou, the first town to be captured by the SPLM/A in 1986 at the Ethiopian border with South Sudan’s Upper Nile state.

In 1991, however, he defected together with Machar, accusing late John Garang of dictatorship, but later abandoned Machar in mid 1990s and returned to the SPLM/A Torit faction under the late Garang.

He was appointed minister for higher education, but was sacked in the July 2013 cabinet reshuffle.

(ST)